correlation

Learning Objectives: Define and calculate default correlation for credit portfolios. Identify drawbacks in using the correlation-based credit portfolio framework. Assess the impact of correlation on a credit portfolio and its Credit VaR. Describe the use of a single-factor model to measure...

Learning objectives: Describe financial correlation risk and the areas in which it appears in finance. Explain how correlation contributed to the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. Describe the structure, uses, and payoffs of a correlation swap. Estimate the impact of different correlations...

Hi, re the discussions on CDO tranche spreads with respect to correlation between the assets in the CDO, I am referring to page 125 of Chapter 7 of Market Risk Measurement & Management 2022 edition, it states: "Importantly, the correlation of the bonds in CDOs (which originally were only...

Learning objectives: Explain how the Jarque-Bera test is used to determine whether returns are normally distributed. Describe the power law and its use for non-normal distributions. Define correlation and covariance and differentiate between correlation and dependence. Describe properties of...

Hi Fellow Risk Managers and Aspiring Risk Managers The most recent event that has highlighted the importance of sound risk management at Banks is Archegos Capital. It was a classic case of Banks not focusing too much on Concentration, Collateral, Correlation and Counterparty Risk The other one...

@David Harper CFA FRM Hey David. I am having difficultly in understanding the formula for calculating the Covariance of Assets with the Portfolio i.e. Cov(i,p). As per your example in the study notes, you have shown the formula for COV(euro, portfolio) which is confusing. What if the...

Hi all, There is a concept that I am not able to grasp properly, in Topic1.Ch5.VidLecture#2 it was stated that: in a well diversified portfolio the Correlation between Portfolio and the Market is +1 which means that the movement of the Market and the Portfolio are synonymous Can somebody...

Learning objectives: Use sample data to estimate quantiles, including the median. Estimate the mean of two variables and apply the CLT. Estimate the covariance and correlation between two random variables. Explain how coskewness and cokurtosis are related to skewness and kurtosis. Questions...

Learning objectives: Define covariance and explain what it measures. Explain the relationship between the covariance and correlation of two random variables and how these are related to the independence of the two variables. Explain the effects of applying linear transformations on the...

Session 2, Reading 9 (Part 2): This video reviews portfolio variance and covariance, where covariance is the expected cross-product. We look at correlation, which is given by the covariance divided by the product of standard deviations, and therefore standardizes the covariance into a unitless...

Learning objectives: Explain how payment frequencies and exercise dates affect the exposure profile of various securities. Explain the impact of netting on exposure, the benefit of correlation, and calculate the netting factor. Questions: 911.1. Consider the following exposure profile for a...

hi, please explain related to Paying fixed in a variance swap on an index and receiving fixed on individual what does the following statement mean: If correlation increases, so will the variance. As a consequence, the present value for the variance swap buyer, the fixed variance swap payer...

Covariance is a measure of linear co-movement between variables. Independence implies zero covariance, but the converse is not necessarily true (because variables can be dependent in a non-linear way). Here is David's XLS: http://trtl.bz/2B9nqdO

Variables are independent if and only if (iff) their JOINT probability is equal to the product of their unconditional (aka, marginal) probabilities; i.e., if and only if Prob(X,Y) = Prob(X)*Prob(Y). Further, if variables are independent then their covariance (and correlation) is equal to zero...

Can someone explain how mean & variance have been calculated in this example?

Hi @David Harper CFA FRM, I had to think about it myself for some minutes: just wanted to share this with the community here. Let's say we have 18 assets. How many correlation pairs would we have? We could go the long road writing: Asset (A,B) Asset (A,C) Asset (A,D) ... ... Asset (B,C) etc...

Learning objectives: Calculate and interpret the covariance and correlation between two random variables. Calculate the mean and variance of sums of variables. Questions: 711.1. The following probability matrix displays joint probabilities for an inflation outcome, I = {2, 3, or 4}, and an...

Hi David, In our notes (Correlation Risk Modeling and Management), we are told that another way of buying correlation is to buy call options on an index and sell call options on individual stocks of the index. I haven't quite understood this concept - i.e why it should result in a positive...

We are big fans here at BT of Gunter Meissner who is a perennial FRM author. Before his latest book was added to the syllabus (Correlation Risk Modeling and Management), his previous book Credit Derivatives: Application, Pricing, and Risk Management was assigned for several years and it's a...

Learning objective: Define correlation and covariance and differentiate between correlation and dependence. Questions: 705.1. In order to evaluate the the potential of a linear relationship between portfolio returns and a benchmark index, your colleague Richard conducted a univariate...